Military Reforms in the Final Years of the Ch'ing Dynasty

        After the defeat of the Sino-Japanese War (1894-95), the Ch'ing court reformed its army once again, this time on a western model. On the eve of the Chinese revolution, the new regular army consisted of fourteen field divisions and two palace guard divisions. This system was entirely different from that of the traditional Green Standard forces, with foot soldiers, cavalry, artillerist, engineers, and supply units all grouped under the same command. This new structure served as the foundation for the modern Chinese military.

        Supplementary List to Memorial from Prince Tsai T'ao
       

        Illustration of proposed army and cavalry banners for Palace Guard units, dated to the March 28, 1909.