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Exhibition in Memory of the Yü-ting-ning Studio: Former Director Chin Hsiao-yi's Donations and His Calligraphy
National Palace Museum
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Discriminating Connoisseurship in Tusk, Bone, Bamboo and Wood Carvings: Donations from the Yü-ting-ning Studio

Aside from stone, the materials widely used by the prehistoric peoples of China to make objects of utilitarian and decorative function include tusk, bone, bamboo and wood. Stone, bamboo and wood was readily available, and animal bones and tusks soon became raw materials for making objects once dietary needs for meat had been fulfilled. Bamboo and wood, subject to natural deterioration, are difficult to preserve; on the other hand, the hardness of stone inevitably makes grinding and carving rather labor-intensive. In between are tusk and bone, which feature the compositional and aesthetic characteristics of bamboo and wood as well as stone. Tusk and bone carvings are therefore considered ideal for illustrating the level of technical sophistication achieved by ancient craftsmen.

The holdings of the National Palace Museum are rich in quantity and exquisite in quality. While its ivory and bone carvings are delicate in their own right, they are mostly Ch'ing dynasty in origin, with objects from ancient times being nonexistent. In 1997, the late Director Chin Hsiao-yi donated to the Museum from his private Yü-ting-ning Studio collection a fine selection of 296 tusk, bone, bamboo and wood carvings in 237 units, spanning a history of five or six thousand years from the late Neolithic period, such as a long-handled sword of animal bone with inset stone serving as the blade, down to the late Ch'ing and early Republican eras. Comprising but a small portion of Director Chin's donations, the sixty-four carvings on view manifest his dedication to enhancing the scope of the Museum's collection.

Tusk fish-shaped pendant
Tusk fish-shaped pendant
Late Shang to early Western Chou period
Length: 14.1 cm, max. width: 2.2 cm, max. thickness: 1.2 cm
Enlargement

This tusk pendant donated by Chin Hsiao-yi has a triangular cross section, and one end is in the shape of a fish head with a hole, pierced from its mouth through to the chin, in what could have been used to hang it as a pendant. On the lateral plane is another hole that has not been pierced completely. The other end of the pendant is rounded and slightly arched, while the middle portion is narrower. The incised decorations are in three parts: the section with a hole in a fish-head design; the upper body of the fish with a lateral view of an animal face; and the rear section incised with lines that form triangles. The mouth of the fish has turned green from bronze corrosion (patina), and residue is also found in the hole that was not completely pierced.

In recent years, a mid- to late-Shang burial site has been discovered at the Ch'ien-chang-ta-ts'un Village in T'eng-hsien County, Shantung Province, and in the five late Shang tombs excavated there was found a carved bone fish-shaped pendant 12.6 cm in length and green and red in color, featuring a similar ornamental pattern. In addition, the Royal Ontario Museum has in its collection a carved bone fish-shaped pendant with no perforation, its décor even closer to that shown on the tusk pendant here. The Royal Ontario Museum piece was unearthed in Honan Province, and the Ch'ien-chang-ta-ts'un Village piece comes from the tomb of a noble clan, located in an area ancillary to the "Shang cultural sphere."

In addition to these late Shang dynasty fish-shaped carved bone pendants, another was also discovered in a small Western Chou tomb (M72) in exploratory trench number four dug at E Sector at Hsin-ts'un in Jun-hsien, Honan Province. At 14.5 cm long, it is close to that of the Yü-ting-ning piece, and the decoration is also very similar. On the former, the lip of the fish has a slight groove and appears to have been pierced, which is why Kuo Pao-chün termed it as part of a "fish-shaped pendant series".

Horn curb chain with painted spirals
Horn curb chain with painted spirals
Warring States period
Length: 15.2 cm, max. width: 2.8 cm, max. thickness: 1.9 cm
Enlargement

The end section of a horn was used to make this implement donated by Chin Hsiao-yi. With an octagonal cross section, in the middle are two perforations for securing the curb into place. It is ivory white in color, and the bottom half is stained green from bronze patina. Near the tip are spirals in brown that have partially worn away. Curb chains made from bone, tusk and bronze were common, and curb chains of this type are often found in pits containing chariots. Tusk, bone, and horn carvings with an octagonal cross section were unearthed in tomb sites in Shang-ma-ts'un Village, Hou-ma City, Shansi Province, which date back to the middle of the Spring and Autumn period. The surface of these works, however, is rather plain and unornamented. Furthermore, seven curb chains made from deer horn were uncovered in Tomb 5 at Ts'ao-chia-kang in Tang-yang, Hupeh Province, and these have been identified by archaeologists as "bone curb chains." These chains are divided into three groups, and the two pieces in Group I feature a pattern of geometric spirals at both ends. They are 14 cm in length, and their form, decoration, and physical size are similar to the object shown here. The tomb at the Ts'ao-chia-kang site dates from the late Spring and Autumn period, and the man buried there was a member of the upper echelons of society.

Many bone and tusk curb chains from the early Warring States period, all with quadragonal cross-section and painted decorative patterns, have been unearthed at the Tseng-hou-i Tomb in Sui-hsien County, Hupeh Province. While these pieces do not have an octagonal cross section, the other twelve bone and tusk works found at the same site, identified as "curb-chain-shaped objects" in the excavation report, do. In addition, some of the Warring States curb chains made of bone found at Wang-kou in Ch'ang-tao, Shantung Province, and in Hui-hsien County, Honan, have octagonal cross sections as well.

Aside from the above, similar horn curb chains with octagonal cross sections and spirals painted in brown have also been unearthed in the Eastern Chou burial site at Shan-hsien in San-men-hsia-shih, Honan Province.

Openwork carved bamboo censer with the Seven Sages
Openwork carved bamboo censer with the Seven Sages
Late Ming to early Ch'ing dynasty
Height: 18.2 cm, diameter: 4.0 cm
Enlargement 1
Enlargement 2

This censer donated by Chin Hsiao-yi is made from bamboo, and the gates of a pass half hidden behind the rocks of a mountain are carved near the edge of the rim. The gates are wide open and in front of them are two men, one elder with a long beard riding on an ox, and the other a bearded scholar wearing a straw hat following behind on a horse. Separated from the two by more rocks are six men: the four in front are scholars riding on donkeys; the one following behind is also a scholar riding a donkey and accompanied by a child carrying a peach blossom basket on his shoulder. Among the five scholars, four are wearing a flat-topped headwrapper. Between the rocks and figures are pine trees carved in relief with openwork in various parts for the smoke to emanate.

The theme of "Seven Sages Going Through a Pass" had appeared in Ming paintings and wares. At first, most people thought that the seven men were T'ang dynasty personages, but Lang Ying pointed out in his book Ch'i-hsiu lei-kao that "there were the Seven Men of the Spring and Autumn [Period], the Seven Scholars of the T'ang, the Seven Elders of the Sung, and the Seven Poets of Chien-an, but none of these were ever mentioned as virtuous. Only the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove in the Chin have been regarded as virtuous." Lu Shen of the Chia-ch'ing period wrote in his book Yü-t'ai chi-kuan, "Considering the clothes of these men and what they are riding, they are probably men of the Wei and Chin who appear to be escaping from calamity."